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(state is null and @org_state is null)) and zip = @org_zip or (zip is null and @org_zip is null)) and contract = @org_contract The columns address, city, state, and zip allow nulls, so a separate comparison must be made to account for the case where the value was null when it was read out of the database and is still null when the update occurs. You can see this strategy is not pretty, and involves much more code. When using a DataSet, this strategy is easily implemented from the data access layer code, as each row of a DataTable automatically tracks its current and original values. Code to move all updated rows from a DataTable to the database using the preceding command text follows (see Concurrency1.aspx from the Web10 project). private bool UpdateAuthors(DataSet ds) { string sql = " statement from above "; SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection( ConfigurationManager .ConnectionStrings["localPubs"].ConnectionString); SqlCommand cm = new SqlCommand(sql, cn); SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter (new SqlCommand("select * from authors",cn)); SqlParameter pm; pm = new SqlParameter ("@au_lname", SqlDbType.VarChar, 40); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "au_lname"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@au_fname", SqlDbType.VarChar, 10); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "au_fname"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@phone", SqlDbType.Char, 12); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "phone"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@address", SqlDbType.VarChar, 40); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "address"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@city", SqlDbType.VarChar, 20);

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For example, many modern microprocessors have two or more physical CPUs capable of executing processes and threads in parallel Parallel programs can also be data parallel For example, a massively parallel device such as a graphics processor unit (GPU) can process arrays and images in parallel Parallel programs can also be a cluster of computers on a network, communicating via message passing Historically, some parallel scientific programs have even used e-mail for communication! Asynchronous programs perform requests that do not complete immediately but are fulfilled at a later time and where the program issuing the request has to do meaningful work in the meantime For example, most network I/O is inherently asynchronous A web crawler is also a highly asynchronous program, managing hundreds or thousands of simultaneous network requests.

The next step is to update those records in parts_rel such that their part_id exists in both the old and new set of records, and they have undergone a change in the remaining columns. To do this, we need to use the table and cast syntax, both of which were briefly explained in earlier sections.

Reactive programs are ones whose normal mode of operation is to be in a state waiting for some kind of input, such as waiting for user input or for input from a message queue via a network socket For example, GUI applications and web servers are reactive programs Parallel, asynchronous, concurrent, and reactive programs bring many interesting challenges For example, these programs are nearly always nondeterministic This makes debugging more challenging since it is difficult to step through a program, and even pausing a running program with outstanding asynchronous requests may cause timeouts Most dramatically, incorrect concurrent programs may deadlock, which means all threads are waiting on results from some other thread and no thread can make progress Programs may also livelock, where processing is occurring and messages are being sent between threads but no useful work is being performed..

pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "city"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@state", SqlDbType.Char, 2); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "state"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@zip", SqlDbType.Char, 5); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "zip"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@contract", SqlDbType.Bit); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Current; pm.SourceColumn = "contract"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@org_au_id", SqlDbType.VarChar, 11); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Original; pm.SourceColumn = "au_id"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@org_au_lname", SqlDbType.VarChar, 40); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Original; pm.SourceColumn = "au_lname"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@org_au_fname", SqlDbType.VarChar, 20); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Original; pm.SourceColumn = "au_fname"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@org_phone", SqlDbType.Char, 12); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Original; pm.SourceColumn = "phone"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@org_address", SqlDbType.VarChar, 40); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Original; pm.SourceColumn = "address"; cm.Parameters.Add(pm); pm = new SqlParameter ("@org_city", SqlDbType.VarChar, 20); pm.SourceVersion = DataRowVersion.Original; pm.SourceColumn = "city";

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